A CVD reactor which features reactor walls that are cooler than the chamber interior and the wafers being processed. The advantage of this approach is that less material is deposited on the cool chamber walls.

The steep water-temperature gradient between the Gulf Stream and (a) the slope water inshore of the Gulf Stream or (b) the Labrador current. comber

Refrigerator construction which has the inner lining of refrigerator serving as the cooling surface.